Quantifying growth in maricultured corals using photogrammetry

In coral mariculture, growth is one of the most common ways to track success. However, numerous methods of monitoring coral growth make comparative studies challenging. A literature review of 39 studies from 1982 to 2017 indicated that the most predominant non‐invasive methods used were linear and areal measurement and these were evaluated for their accuracy using nursery‐reared corals. The monthly change in linear and areal growth rates of six coral species (n = 215), Pocillopora acuta, Hydnophora rigida, Merulina ampliata, Podabacia crustacea, Echinopora lamellosa and Platygyra sinensis were measured via photogrammetry. We tested whether the planar area of coral colonies can be estimated using three geometric formulas of linear measurements. Based on the literature review, the six types of measurement methods were namely linear, volume, weight, area, count of polyps/branches and calcification, in decreasing order of application. Our results showed that the change in area calculated by geometric mean diameter (GMD) formulas provided the most accurate estimation among the three formulas and was strongly correlated with planar area (R² ≥ .60; p < .05) for all coral species, except E. lamellosa and Pl. sinensis. However, our findings suggest that it is not ideal to use geometric formulas to estimate the change in area. Instead, we posit that areal photogrammetry represents the simplest yet accurate non‐invasive method for rapid monitoring of extensive areas of corals in situ. Lastly, we discuss the recommendations and limitations for areal photogrammetry.     

油菜菌核病发生流行与菌源量、气候因子关系分析及病情预测模型的建立

为探究油菜菌核病田间发生流行的影响因子并建立病情预测模型,采用田间调查法测定油菜田菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率,并分析了2008—2014年各气候因子与病叶率、成熟期茎秆病株率、病情指数之间的关系。结果显示,田间菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率与病叶率及成熟期茎秆病株率均呈极显著正相关;2月下旬至5月上旬日均气温及2月下旬至4月上旬日均相对湿度、降雨量及降雨天数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈显著正相关,而日照时数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈极显著负相关。以油菜盛花期花朵带菌率作为指标,可预测其田间成熟期病株率;以降雨量(x_2)、降雨天数(x_3)及日照时数(x_4)与各年度成熟期病株率(y_1)及病情指数(y_2)分别建立了预测模型y_1=15.47+0.07x_2+0.42x_3-0.03x_4和y_2=10.36+0.07x_2+0.38x_3-0.03x_4,其拟合度均最高,分别为99.07%和98.43%,可作为油菜成熟期茎秆发病株率及病情指数的预测模型。表明油菜菌核病菌源量和气候因子是影响病害发生流行的关键因子。     

寒旱区白菜型冬油菜适应性及利用研究

为探究冬油菜在甘肃张掖寒旱区种植的适应性,对8个白菜型冬油菜品种(系)的越冬率、冬前干物质积累、农艺性状及产量进行了分析比较,研究了冬油菜不同播种期对越冬率、产量等性状的影响,同时进行了冬油菜后茬复种模式研究。研究结果表明,在北纬38°左右、海拔180 m左右、极端最低气温-28.7℃的张掖及河西走廊,白菜型冬油菜能够露地正常越冬,且产量高品质好。冬油菜收获后,复种早熟大豆、马铃薯、油葵和蔬菜等作物,每667m2两季产值比单种小麦增收32.0%～154.4%,比单种玉米增收15.4%～108.6%,经济效益十分显著。在张掖及河西走廊发展冬油菜生产可以调整传统农业的一年一熟为一年两熟或两年三熟,增加复种指数,提高土地资源利用率和经济效益;同时,可增加冬春季土壤植被覆盖,减少沙尘源,改善生态环境。张掖及河西走廊宜选择抗寒性品种,并适当早播,播期以8月中旬为宜。     

Fishmeal replacement by soybean,rapeseed and cottonseed meals in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂ (initial body weight, 8.63 ± 0.24 g). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated as follows: a control diet (FM60) containing 600 g/kg FM and four other diets (FM45, FM30, FM15 and FM0 containing 450, 300, 150 and 0 g/kg FM, respectively) where protein from FM was substituted by a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM. Fish fed FM0 and FM15 had poorer growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, lipid and gross energy, and fed FM0 had poorer hepatosomatic index and survival compared with the fish fed FM60. The whole body lipid in fish fed FM0 was significantly higher than that in fish fed FM60 and FM15. This study indicates that 300 g/kg of FM can be replaced with a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM in the diet of juvenile hybrid sturgeon without compromising growth performance, feed utilization and body composition.     

Effects of dietary macroalgae meal and lipid source on growth performance and body wall fatty acid composition of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

A 70‐day experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different macroalgal meals and lipid sources on growth, body wall composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Two macroalgal meals including Sargassum muticum (SM) and Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GL) and two lipid sources including fish oil (FO) and vegetable oil (VO) were formulated into four diets, i.e., S. muticum and fish oil (SF), S. muticum and vegetable oil (SV), G. lemaneiformis and fish oil (GF) and G. lemaneiformis and vegetable oil (GV). The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGR) of A. japonicus fed diets containing SM were significantly higher than those fed diets containing GL. No significant differences in SGR between the FO‐based and VO‐based groups were observed. Similar results were observed in the body wall lipid content. Most body wall FAs changed to resemble the dietary FA proportions because of the dietary effect. Concentrations of 20:4n‐6 of the SF and GF groups were significantly lower than the SV and GV groups, while levels of 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were significantly higher than the SV and GV groups. The n‐3/n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratios of the SF and GF groups were significantly higher than the SV and GV groups. Moreover, the SF group had significantly higher 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents and n‐3/n‐6 PUFAs ratio than the GF group. These findings reveal that the SF diet can show beneficial effects on both growth performance and body wall n‐3 PUFAs content of A. japonicus.     

中国南方竹区4种竹笋夜蛾的形态比较研究

竹笋夜蛾是我国重要的一类竹子笋期害虫,种类多,形态相似,难以区分,为更为准确地识别主要竹笋夜蛾的种类,本研究通过野外取样和室内饲养,对竹笋基夜蛾Kumasia kumaso、竹笋禾夜蛾Oligia vulgaris、笋连秀夜蛾Apamea repetita conjuncta及竹笋秀夜蛾Apamea apameoides 4种竹笋夜蛾卵、幼虫趾钩、臀棘及成虫翅脉和生殖器形态进行了观察和比较。结果表明,竹笋基夜蛾在卵形态、幼虫体色和雌雄生殖器形态上与其他3种竹笋夜蛾形态差异明显,其余3种夜蛾幼虫体表背线和亚背线形态有差异,趾钩、臀棘、翅脉和雌、雄外生殖器形态差异不显著。本研究明确了我国南方竹区4种竹笋夜蛾的形态差异,为竹笋夜蛾的精准防控提供了参考。     

简易膀胱容量压力测定技术的正交试验研究及在神经源膀胱管理中的效果观察

目的 观察简易膀胱容量压力测定技术在神经源性膀胱管理中的应用效果。方法 将40例神经源性膀胱患者随机分为对照组和试验组各20例,对照组常规依据患者膀胱残余尿量定间歇导尿时间和频次,试验组通过优化的简易膀胱测容量压力测定确定患者膀胱安全容量,依据膀胱安全容量及残余尿量确定间歇导尿时间和频次。观察两组患者的初次排尿时间、结束间歇导尿时间、膀胱容量、残余尿量及泌尿系感染情况。结果 试验组患者初次排尿时间和结束间歇导尿时间都早于对照组(P＜0.01);膀胱容量更接近正常成人,残余尿量小于对照组(P＜0.01);试验组患者尿路感染率明显低于对照组,有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 神经源性膀胱患者依据优化的膀胱容量压力测定技术确定膀胱安全容量结合残余尿量进行间歇导尿更安全、有效。     

K型小麦雄性不育系绒毡层结构变化及相关基因的表达分析

为揭示K型小麦雄性不育系的败育时期和败育机制,以K型小麦雄性不育系K519A及其保持系519B为材料,采用半薄和超薄树脂切片法对花药绒毡层进行显微和亚显微结构观察,并对孢粉素转运相关基因RAFTIN1和绒毡层细胞降解相关基因APs在不同生育时期的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,与保持系相比,不育系花药绒毡层在四分体时期提前降解,部分绒毡层细胞脱离中层侵入药室内,发育至二核和三核期绒毡层细胞只剩下细胞轮廓和少量附着的乌氏体。不育系小孢子细胞壁在单核期开始增厚,是同时期保持系小孢子细胞壁厚度的2.35倍,发育至二核期小孢子细胞壁继续增厚,但三核期不育系小孢子细胞壁比保持系小孢子细胞壁薄,仅是保持系花粉粒细胞壁厚度的89%,并且三核期不育系花粉粒出现畸形和质壁分离的异常现象。自小孢子母细胞时期至单核期,不育系中RAFTIN1和APs基因的相对表达量都显著高于保持系,但在二核期不育系中的相对表达量显著低于保持系。推测K型小麦雄性不育系K519A的败育可能发生在四分体期和二核期。RAFTIN1和APs基因的表达模式与细胞学观察结果相契合,故推测这两个基因很可能参与了K型不育系K519A的不育过程。     

猪乙型脑炎病毒SCYA201201株感染小鼠后突破血脑屏障能力研究

将猪乙型脑炎病毒SCYA201201株(F122代次,弱毒株)脑内接种小鼠,评估该病毒株对小鼠的致病性。通过腹腔接种小鼠,分别在接种后6、12、18、24 h观察小鼠脑部病理变化,同时利用荧光定量PCR方法检测其血液、脑组织E基因拷贝数,探究该毒株突破小鼠血脑屏障的能力,从而评估SCYA201201株(F122代次)作为弱毒活疫苗的潜力。结果显示,SCYA201201株(F122代次)高度弱化,对乳鼠的脑内半数致死量(LD₅₀)仅为4×10⁵ PFU·40 μL^-1。该毒株腹腔接种24 h内,小鼠脑部未出现病理变化,且荧光定量PCR检测为阴性,表明该毒株不能突破小鼠的血脑屏障,具有很高的安全性。     

模拟酸雨胁迫对油冬菜生理特性的影响

[目的]研究模拟酸雨胁迫对油冬菜叶片生理特性的影响,为制定油冬菜酸雨防治措施提供参考依据.[方法]对盆栽油冬菜品种黑油冬分别喷施pH为5.6、4.5、3.5和2.5的模拟酸雨,以喷施清水(pH 7.0)为对照(CK),测定分析不同酸度模拟酸雨处理的油冬菜生理生化指标.[结果]随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强,油冬菜叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,前三者在模拟酸雨pH 4.5时升至最高,MDA含量在模拟酸雨pH 3.5时达最高;脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,前二者在模拟酸雨pH 4.5时降至最低,可溶性糖含量在模拟酸雨pH 5.6时降至最低;类胡萝卜素含量持续降低;在pH 4.5的模拟酸雨胁迫下,油冬菜脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均出现急剧变化,分别比CK降低58.37%和50.89%.[结论]pH 4.5可能是酸雨对油冬菜造成隐性伤害的阈值,适度酸雨胁迫可激发油冬菜自身的抗逆系统.酸雨较重的南方地区可在油冬菜定植前选用适量石灰改善土壤酸性,也可采用设施栽培来避免酸雨对其叶片产生危害.